For many people, molecular biology is something that scientists do in vials and peculiar machines. Only a few people realize how important it is to understand the fundamentals of molecular biology, which aren’t very difficult to learn. If you read the following, you will see that I am correct.

First, why do you need to be familiar with the key principles of molecular biology?

Molecular biology will help you understand not only how human body and cells work, but it will also help you decide whether or not to take the tests and medical products that use molecular biology knowledge. As you may be aware, since these products are new, they have not been thoroughly tested. Furthermore, medical doctors’ and pharma companies’ eagerness to profit from such products outweighs all safety precautions.

So, what is molecular biology all about?

As the name indicates, molecular biology studies molecules. A molecule is a chemically bonded group of two or more atoms. Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter. Atoms combine to form molecules via chemical bonds. These bonds are formed by the sharing or transfer of electrons between atoms. All living things are composed of connected atoms that form biological molecules. Biological molecules are molecules that are necessary for the maintenance, growth, and operation of living systems. Biological molecules can be divided into four main classes: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.

Molecular biology focuses exclusively on the structure and function of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), as well as how they contribute to protein synthesis. It also includes the regulation of gene expression as well as the replication, transcription, and translation processes.

Now I’ll explain some of the most commonly used terms in molecular biology in layman’s terms.

In the living things, genetic information is carried and transmitted by the vital molecules known as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Nucleotide molecules are the basic building blocks of nucleic acids.

The main function of DNA is the preservation and dissemination of genetic information. It contains the instructions needed for all living things to develop, function, and procreate.

RNA is an adaptable molecule that functions within the cell as a messenger (messenger RNA or mRNA), transfer agent (transfer RNA or tRNA), and structural element (ribosomal RNA or rRNA). The main function of RNA is to transfer the genetic information required to make proteins, which are the molecules that give cells their functionality. The growth, development, and upkeep of living things depend on this process. In some organisms, RNA serves as the genetic material and thus functions similarly to DNA.

How DNA and RNA work together?

Imagine the cell is a little factory. It has library (DNA) containing all instructions (genes) for the substances needed this factory to function. The mRNA makes copies of the instructions from the library depending what is the cell needs to produce. The tRNA couriers read the instructions and deliver the ingredients which are needed to the special machine – the cellular ribosome. rRNA supervises the process in the the ribosome and make sure the instructions are followed correctly. 

Let’s explain some of the more complicated terminology.  

Gene expression is the entire process of use the instructions contained in our genes (DNA library) to make the tools, or proteins, necessary for proper function.

Translation is a part of the gene expression which specifically focuses on turning the copied instructions (mRNA) into a functional substance.

Transcription is reading the instructions from DNA so that the cell can use it to prepare a particular protein.

Replication is the process by which a cell creates an identical copy of its DNA so can be passed to the next generations.

What are the fundamental techniques used in molecular biology?

Molecular biology encompasses a wide range of techniques for studying and manipulating biological molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins.

The most popular one is PCR, which stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction. PCR is like a DNA photocopier. It is used to replicate a specific DNA segment many times. The process requires combining the DNA template with other substances to enable copying. The mixture is heated and cooled repeatedly, producing multiple copies of the target DNA. It is important to remember that while PCR is promoted as a diagnostic tool for the well-known PCR tests, this is not correct. The viability or living status of the organism from which the DNA originated cannot be determined by PCR. PCR simply reveals DNA sequences, regardless of whether or not the organism is alive.

Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is the process by which DNA is copied from a RNA template. A special enzyme is used to convert RNA to complementary DNA (cDNA). The cDNA is then amplified via PCR.

DNA Sequencing is a technique for reading the genetic code. It determines the nucleotides molecules order in a DNA molecule. DNA is sequenced by inserting labeled nucleotides into a growing DNA strand. The sequence of labeled nucleotides is revealed by the order of the nucleotides.

Cloning is the process of creating identical copies of a gene or DNA fragment. The procedure entails inserting a DNA fragment into a vector (DNA molecule used as a vehicle to carry and replicate foreign genetic material). It produces recombinant DNA which is DNA that has been created artificially by combining genetic material from various sources, often from different organisms. This recombinant DNA is introduced into host cells, where it multiplies.

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein mixtures based on molecular size. It is done by loading the molecules of interest onto a gel and subjecting it to an electric field. Smaller molecules move more quickly through the gel, forming distinct bands that can be seen.

How far have we progressed in understanding the molecular biology of our own bodies and the world?

While significant progress has been made, it is important to note that molecular biology is a dynamic field, with ongoing research uncovering new layers of complexity and understanding. Furthermore, as the field evolves, ethical considerations and responsible use of these advancements will be critical. I’d like to point out that, since molecular biology is now used in many new medical products, it appears that ethics and responsible use are simply not taken into account.

Summary.

Molecular biology is a rapidly developing scientific field that helps us understand how life works. We are still a long way from being able to safely alter human molecular biology. Knowing the fundamentals is critical because it allows people to gain independence and avoid unethical and dangerous molecular biology-based products.

That’s everything I wanted you to know about molecular biology. You can always expand your research and, of course, ask me questions.
If you have any suggestions for lesser-known research that should be highlighted, please contact me via email angelovalidiya@genuineprospect.com or leave a comment.

Please keep in mind that work is self-funded. There is no financing from any organizations. Your contributions through here and being paid subscribers to https://angelovalidiya.substack.com are the only way this work can continue.

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